When I was researching Shroom I found a complete absence of evidence for anyone consuming magic mushrooms before the eighteenth century, and even then such reports as exist show ingestion remained accidental and unintentional right up until 1970, a staggeringly late date. Many lines of evidence have been put forward to suggest our Stone, Bronze and Iron Age forebears deliberately used mushrooms, but sadly none are categorical and each is open to alternative and typically more parsimonious explanation.
The absence of evidence in the archaeological record is unsurprising given that fungi rot away to gloop unless actively dried or preserved in some way. Nor does consuming magic mushrooms require any special paraphernalia - pipes, grinders, pouches or so on - the kind of things that do turn up in excavations. So until Liberty Caps are found jammed in a pot or preserved in the stomach contents of a bog-body, we're left in the unsatisfactory position of not knowing one way or the other. It does mean, however, that we're pretty much free to believe whatever we want.
I concluded that if prehistoric people had used psilocybin mushrooms then they must have done so in a small-scale and localised manner. For if psilocybin mushrooms formed the backbone of prehistoric religious practice, as so many have claimed, there there surely would have been more unequivocal evidence than the occasional bit of 'possibly-trippy' artwork in a passage-grave or on a cave wall. But the traces just aren't there. Now I'm starting to wonder if I wasn't too hasty.
What got me thinking again was watching an old episode of Britain BC in which archaeologist Francis Pryor likened the Roman slaughter of the Druids on Anglesey in AD60 to the much more famous burning of the library at Alexandria. In that dreadful inflagration countless precious papyri, the great works of the ancient world, were permanently lost. The Druids famously eschewed the written word, so why the connection?
As Ronald Hutton demonstrates in his magisterial Blood and Mistletoe, much of what we think we know about the Druids comes from the works of classical sources and is therefore not necessarily to be trusted. Authors like Pliny the Elder and Julius Caesar either romanticised the Druids from afar, or regarded them with suspicion as the enemy to be overcome. Nonetheless it does seem likely that the Druids were a kind of priesthood, involved in law-giving, settling disputes, divination, performing sacrifices and so on, and that becoming a Druid was a long and complicated process in which the noviciate was required to commit vast tracts of cultural lore to memory. It was this oral knowledge that Pryor was alluding to. All of it was lost when Gaius Suetonius Paulinus sent his troops across the Menai Straits to cut down the sacred groves and put every last Druid to the sword.
Once again absence of evidence has allowed every generation to reinvent the Druids, for example as devil-worshipping heathens or as proto-Christian prophets or even stoned-out hippies.
And as a child of my time I tend to think of the Druids as woojied-up, tattooed shamans with a profound knowledge of plants, animals and the land. In other words I'm starting to wonder if they might n't have known about and used magic mushrooms after all. To be clear, this is at best an inference, most likely pure fantasy, but, well, it's a hypothesis.
To illustrate the kind of knowledge I mean, here's an excellent talk by anthropologist Jeremy Narby recalling his ontologically-shattering encounter with indigenous Amazonian worldviews as a PhD student back in the 80s. Then he was as unable to countenance the indigenous view of plants - that, when seen through the ayahuasca telescope, they talk to us - as I suspect the Romans were that of the Druids.
So Pryor's observation has opened up the possibility for me that Iron Age Druids might have known about and used magic mushrooms even if there's no way of testing it.
Either way, it's a sobering reminder of what happens when cultural memory is lost. For in the Amazon, as elsewhere, we continue the Romans' work with renewed virulence. And with every shaman that falls so too do whole libraries that would put Alexandria to shame.
There may not be any physical or textual evidence of magic mushroom use, but there are traces of a severed head cult. Better than nothing, I suppose.
ReplyDeleteFascinating! thanks for this!
ReplyDeleteGreat post, thank you.
ReplyDeleteWhen I was researching for Albion Dreaming, in 2007, I had contact with several people who had used P Sem in the 1960s and one old beatnik who recalls picking them in the late 1950s along with many others. It *appears* there was a tradition of taking P Sem among the beatnik community and this might bear further investigation, not least to find out who told them!
ReplyDeleteFascinating! Though forgive me if I remain a little sceptical as I've learned that people's memories of the 60s are, ahem, somewhat hazy. Any documentary evidence at all?
Deletejust melting to the tune of Worship of the Trees. Sorry, change of subject, but I have only just discovered Telling the Bees and I am in heaven. I've put a link on my blog, I hope that's OK.
ReplyDeleteMore than OK - thank you x
DeleteThis might be out of date, but if I may comment, re; mushrooms & ancient Britain; Psilocybe semilanceata is found in sheep pasture and treeless uplands. Ancient Britain, we are told, was almost entirely forested. And did the ancient Britons keep many sheep? I believe that there is a link between sheep and psilocybe semilanceata. Historically British Celts favoured keeping cattle and pigs.
ReplyDeleteMy point being that there simply may have been no psilocybe fungi to be found in ancient Britain. No meadows, no place for them to grow, no sheep to spread them around!
What do you think of that?
-Dan
Thanks Dan. I cover this in my book Shroom. There is no association between Psilocybe semilanceata and sheep. The fungus feeds saprophytically on the dying root cells of certain grasses. Sheep grazing simply makes the mushrooms more visible to human eyes. The question then is how much pasture was there in the Iron Age (the time of the Druids)? Certainly, not as much as now, but enough, I'd say, to mean that the mushrooms were abundant enough for intentional use. Also, the climate got cooler and wetter in the Iron Age, conditions that would favour all fungi.
DeleteThis is all supposition however. As I say repeatedly, there's no evidence one way or another, but it's fun to speculate!
I understand it's all supposition, and why not? But I find the idea that psilocybe semilanceata is an (comparatively recently?) introduced species an interesting one. You say there is no link with sheep; The spores do not survive passage through the gut? Perhaps they were carried in another way, on the hooves? In the wool? Whatever the case, I wonder where this fungus would have found a suitable habitat in the British Isles before the clearance of forest by agriculturalists?
ReplyDeleteAnd, Andy, perhaps by the Iron Age that tie with the plant world and plant knowledge that we expect from hunter-gatherer communities had already stagnated into lore, or atrophied or been supplanted or suppressed by the dominant culture? Even as starvation food, liberty caps seem a very easy thing not to eat. I also refer to (what I think I remember are) R.G. Wasson's remarks at the beginning of his book on Soma, referring to the British Islanders as being fungiphobes (as opposed to, for instance Slavic fungiphiles). It seems broadly convincing?
Speaking of Wasson, I wrote a BA thesis on the Vedic Soma. According to Vedic Hinduism, past and present, Soma is the best thing in the world. Yet, despite 3k+ years of unbroken tradition, they have forgotten what the ingredients are supposed to be. Drawing a perhaps wobbly parallel with the ancient druids it seems this kind of information can go missing, or indeed be retained, in peculiar ways.
Yours is an interesting blog, thank you.
Regards!